The paper aims to highlight how physiognomy and the pathological method influenced the studies of criminal anthropology of the nineteenth century. Lichtenberg, a German physicist and one of the main scholar in the debate on physiognomy at the end of the eighteenth century, argued that there is no surface in the world more interesting than that of the human face. However, this statement can be misleading, since the author has always placed himself cautiously with respect to the gnoseological method of physiognomy with respect to Lavater who, favoring a different, more intuitive and metaphysical approach, believed it was possible to achieve a certain degree of certainty between the correspondence of some somatic features of the face and the character of the individual. Indeed, Della Porta, almost two centuries earlier, had already stated that "the whole man is in the face" which represents "the direction of mind". The debate at the end of the 1700s has conditioned human studies for a long time. The influence of these ideas was so strong as to inspire a new line of psychiatric studies that believed it possible to search for signs characteristic of psychiatric pathologies in the artistic production of the mentally ill hospitalized in criminal asylums through the method that Freud will define in the concept of pathology. In the nineteenth century, biological determinism returned with all its strength to the cultural landscape, also drawing lymph from the pathological method, which is found in some classical studies of criminal anthropology. The Lombrosian theory, in fact, contains all the evidences that emerged from the cultural debate of the late nineteenth century. The born criminal constitutes a sort of arrival point with respect to the morphological research carried out in the previous century, he is so by nature and his bodily being represents the confirmation of so much.
Il contributo intende evidenziare come la fisiognomica ed il metodo patografico hanno influenzato gli studi di antropologia criminale del XIX secolo. Lichtenberg, fisico tedesco tra i principali attori del dibattito accesosi sul finire del XVIII secolo sulla fisiognomica, sosteneva che non c’è superficie al mondo più interessante di quella del volto umano. Tuttavia, tale affermazione può trarre in inganno, poiché l’autore si è sempre posto in modo cauto rispetto al metodo gnoseologico della fisiognomica rispetto a Lavater che privilegiando un differente approccio, maggiormente intuitivo e metafisico, riteneva possibile raggiungere un certo grado di certezza tra la corrispondenza di alcuni tratti somatici del volto ed il carattere dell’individuo. Invero, già Della Porta, quasi due secoli prima, aveva affermato che “tutto l’uomo sta nella faccia” che rappresenta “la regia della ragione”. La querelle sorta tra diversi studiosi sul finire del 1700 che hanno dissertato sui tratti fisici del volto come espressione dell’anima ha condizionato per lungo tempo gli studi sull’uomo. L’influenza di tali idee è stata tanto forte da ispirare un nuovo filone di studi psichiatrici che riteneva possibile ricercare nella produzione artistica degli ammalati mentali ricoverati nei manicomi criminali segni caratteristici delle patologie psichiatriche attraverso quel metodo che Freud definirà nel concetto di patografia. Nel XIX secolo il determinismo biologico ritorna con tutta la sua forza sul panorama culturale, traendo linfa anche dal metodo patografico, che si ritrova in alcuni studi classici dell’antropologia criminale. La teoria lombrosiana, infatti, racchiude in se tutte le evidenze emerse dal dibattito culturale di fine Ottocento. Il criminale nato costituisce una sorta di punto di arrivo rispetto alla ricerca morfologica svolta nel secolo precedente, è così per natura ed il suo essere corporeo rappresenta la conferma di tanto.
Dai volti del male ai corpi di reato
Peluso P
2021-01-01
Abstract
The paper aims to highlight how physiognomy and the pathological method influenced the studies of criminal anthropology of the nineteenth century. Lichtenberg, a German physicist and one of the main scholar in the debate on physiognomy at the end of the eighteenth century, argued that there is no surface in the world more interesting than that of the human face. However, this statement can be misleading, since the author has always placed himself cautiously with respect to the gnoseological method of physiognomy with respect to Lavater who, favoring a different, more intuitive and metaphysical approach, believed it was possible to achieve a certain degree of certainty between the correspondence of some somatic features of the face and the character of the individual. Indeed, Della Porta, almost two centuries earlier, had already stated that "the whole man is in the face" which represents "the direction of mind". The debate at the end of the 1700s has conditioned human studies for a long time. The influence of these ideas was so strong as to inspire a new line of psychiatric studies that believed it possible to search for signs characteristic of psychiatric pathologies in the artistic production of the mentally ill hospitalized in criminal asylums through the method that Freud will define in the concept of pathology. In the nineteenth century, biological determinism returned with all its strength to the cultural landscape, also drawing lymph from the pathological method, which is found in some classical studies of criminal anthropology. The Lombrosian theory, in fact, contains all the evidences that emerged from the cultural debate of the late nineteenth century. The born criminal constitutes a sort of arrival point with respect to the morphological research carried out in the previous century, he is so by nature and his bodily being represents the confirmation of so much.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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