Distress and psychological impact of Covid-19 pandemic and previous outbreaks. Review and methodological suggestion

The current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19, originated from Wuhan (China), has spread to 6 continents, 213 countries and territories around the world. This paper aggregates and consolidates the state of the art about SARS-CoV-2 virology, molecular genetics, immunology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, explores the concept of crisis and psychological effects on population by the on going 2020 Covid-19 outbreak crisis vs previous pandemic impacts. The detailed description of this public health threat highlights the great uncertainty surrounding it. Uncertainty and confusion can amplify the psychological impact of this event on the general population. Results are summarized and discussed. Methodological suggestions are provided for studies aimed at investigating psychological effects of critical catastrophic and unexpected life events, such as a pandemic. The analyzed aspects have implications for healthcare professionals in their efforts to promote the psychological well-being of general population during critical unexpected events.