This paper aims to compare, from an historical, pedagogical and policy point of view, two organizational models characterizing the technology mediated distance learning. The first model took root with the foundation of the UK Open University in 1969, and was related to a broader concept of openness that during the Nineties, while the focus moved from teaching to learning, came to be known as Open Distance Learning; this approach had also political support at EU level via a specific Memorandum of the European Commission in 1991. From an organizational point of view, such learner centration requires a particular attention and explicitation of the process, as the educational device must take on the responsibility for the individual learner, taking into account the complementarity and the complexity of the tools involved.This paper then highlights how, from 1999 to 2001, the EU itself preferred to turn towards another model, the e-learning one. This model resulted from different premises, namely those regarding the digital economy and the quality principles typical of organizations, as continuous improvement and customer satisfaction, distancing itself from the previous model, pedagogically more significant. In the conclusions of the paper, we then observe how some phenomena concerning distance learning that can be traced back to this change of strategy, are now affecting the higher education context in a more general way.
Il contributo intende confrontare, dal punto di vista storico, pedagogico e politico, due modelli organizzativi che hanno contraddistinto l'ambito dell'apprendimento a distanza mediato dalle tecnologie. Il primo, affermatosi con forza con la nascita della Open University nel 1969, fa riferimento a un più ampio concetto di apertura, che poi negli anni '90, con il progressivo spostamento del focus sul discente e sul processo di apprendimento, ha preso il nome di Open Distance Learning, facendosi forte anche di un sostegno a livello istituzionale da parte della Commissione Europea che lo ha promosso con uno specifico Memorandum nel 1991. Dal punto di vista organizzativo, proprio questa centratura sul discente richiede una particolare attenzione ed esplicitazione del processo in quanto il dispositivo didattico deve prendersi la responsabilità del singolo discente nel quadro di una complementarità e complessità degli strumenti coinvolti. Il contributo evidenzia quindi come, fra il 1999 e il 2001 la stessa Unione Europea abbia preferito orientarsi verso un altro modello, quello dell'elearning, risultante da tutt'altre premesse, in particolare quelle inerenti l'economia digitale e i principi di qualità propri del mondo delle organizzazioni, come il miglioramento continuo e la soddisfazione del cliente, allontanandosi dunque dall'approccio precedente, pedagogicamente più significativo. Il contributo conclude dunque osservando come alcuni fenomeni riconducibili a questo cambio di strategia, che ha in primo luogo interessato l'ambito dell'apprendimento a distanza, si stiano ripercuotendo oggi nel contesto universitario più generale.
The organizational dimension of distance education. Historical, pedagogical and policy aspects
UGOLINI F.C.
2015-01-01
Abstract
This paper aims to compare, from an historical, pedagogical and policy point of view, two organizational models characterizing the technology mediated distance learning. The first model took root with the foundation of the UK Open University in 1969, and was related to a broader concept of openness that during the Nineties, while the focus moved from teaching to learning, came to be known as Open Distance Learning; this approach had also political support at EU level via a specific Memorandum of the European Commission in 1991. From an organizational point of view, such learner centration requires a particular attention and explicitation of the process, as the educational device must take on the responsibility for the individual learner, taking into account the complementarity and the complexity of the tools involved.This paper then highlights how, from 1999 to 2001, the EU itself preferred to turn towards another model, the e-learning one. This model resulted from different premises, namely those regarding the digital economy and the quality principles typical of organizations, as continuous improvement and customer satisfaction, distancing itself from the previous model, pedagogically more significant. In the conclusions of the paper, we then observe how some phenomena concerning distance learning that can be traced back to this change of strategy, are now affecting the higher education context in a more general way.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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